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WhatsApp Messenger is a freeware, cross-platform messaging and Voice over IP (VoIP) service owned by Facebook.[41] It allows users to send text messages and voice messages,[42] make voice and video calls, and share images, documents, user locations, and other media.[43][44] WhatsApp's client application runs on mobile devices,
but is also accessible from Windows and Mac desktop computers, as long
as the user's mobile device remains connected to the Internet while they
use the desktop app.[45] The service requires[46] users to provide a standard cellular mobile number
for registering with the service. Users could originally communicate
only with individuals or informal groups on WhatsApp, but in January
2018, WhatsApp released a standalone business app targeted at small
business owners, called WhatsApp Business, to allow companies to
communicate with customers who use the standard WhatsApp client.[47][48]
The client application was created by WhatsApp Inc. of Mountain View, California, which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately US$19.3 billion.[49][50] By February 2018, WhatsApp had over one and a half billion users,[51][52] making it the world's most popular messaging application at the time.[52][53] It has become the primary social communication network in multiple countries, including Brazil, India, and large parts of Europe, including the United Kingdom and France.[52]
In January 2009, after purchasing an iPhone and realizing the potential of the app industry on the App Store, Koum and Acton began visiting Koum's friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose to discuss a new type of messaging app that would "[show] statuses next to individual names of the people". They realized that to take the idea further, they'd need an iPhone developer. Fishman visited RentACoder.com, found Russian developer Igor Solomennikov, and introduced him to Koum.
Koum named the app WhatsApp to sound like "what's up". On February 24, 2009, he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California. However, when early versions of WhatsApp kept crashing, Koum considered giving up and looking for a new job. Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months".[54]
In June 2009, Apple launched push notifications, allowing users to be pinged when they were not using an app. Koum changed WhatsApp so that when a user's status is changed, everyone in the user's network would be notified.[8] WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000. Although Acton was managing another startup, he decided to join the company.[8] In October 2009, Acton persuaded five former friends at Yahoo! to invest $250,000 in seed funding, and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake. He officially joined WhatsApp on November 1.[8] After months at beta stage, the application launched in November 2009, exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. Koum then hired a friend in Los Angeles, Chris Peiffer, to develop a BlackBerry version, which arrived two months later.[8]
To cover the primary cost of sending verification texts to users, WhatsApp was changed from a free service to a paid one. In December 2009, the ability to send photos was added to the iPhone version. By early 2011, WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps at Apple's U.S. App Store.[8]
In April 2011, Sequoia Capital invested about $8 million for more than 15% of the company, after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz.[55][56][57]
By February 2013, WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members. Sequoia invested another $50 million, and WhatsApp was valued at $1.5 billion.[8]
In a December 2013 blog post, WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users used the service each month.[58]
The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to try and/or move to other message services. Telegram claimed that it acquired 8 million new users;[63] and Line, 2 million.[64]
At a keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision.[65][66] A TechCrunch article said this about Zuckerberg's vision:
In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app, with more than 600 million users.[68] By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly users and over 30 billion messages every day.[69] In April 2015, Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry would lose $386 billion because of OTT services like WhatsApp and Skype.[70] That month, WhatsApp had over 800 million users.[71][72] By September 2015, it had grown to 900 million;[73] and by February 2016, one billion.[74]
In November 30, 2015, the Android WhatsApp client made links to another message service, Telegram, unclickable and uncopyable.[75][76][77] Multiple sources confirmed that it was intentional, not a bug,[77] and that it had been implemented when the Android source code that recognized Telegram URLs had been identified.[77] (The word "telegram" appeared in WhatsApp's code.[77]) Some considered it an anti-competitive measure,[75][76][77] but WhatsApp offered no explanation. In response to the 2014 Facebook acquisition, Slate columnist Matthew Yglesias questioned whether the company's business model of charging users $1 a year was viable in the U.S.. It had prospered by exploiting a "loophole" in mobile phone carriers' pricing. "Mobile phone operators aren't really selling consumers some voice service, some data service, and some SMS service", he explained. "They are selling access to the network. The different pricing schemes they come up with are just different ways of trying to maximize the value they extract from consumers."[78] As part of that, carriers sold SMS separately. This made it easy for WhatsApp to find a way to replicate SMS using data, then sell that service to mobile customers for $1 a year. "But if WhatsApp gets big enough, then carrier strategy is going to change", he predicted. "You stop selling separate SMS plans and just have a take-it-or-leave-it overall package. And then suddenly WhatsApp isn't doing anything."[78] The situation may have been different in countries other than the United States.
By June 2016, the company's blog reported more than 100 million voice calls per day were being placed on WhatsApp.[82]
On November 10, 2016, WhatsApp launched a beta version of two-step verification for Android users, which allowed them to use their email addresses for further protection.[83] Also in November 2016, Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe.[84]
On February 24, 2017, (WhatsApp's 8th birthday), WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to Snapchat and Facebook stories.[85]
On May 18, 2017, it was reported that the European Commission would fine Facebook €110 million for "misleading" it during the 2014 takeover of WhatsApp. The Commission alleged that in 2014, when Facebook acquired the messaging app, it "falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp." However, in the summer of 2016, WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company, allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements. Facebook acknowledged the breach, but said the errors in their 2014 filings were "not intentional."[84]
In September 2017, WhatsApp's co-founder Brian Acton left the company to start a nonprofit group,[86] later revealed as the Signal Foundation.[87] WhatsApp also announced a forthcoming business platform to enable companies to provide customer service at scale,[39] and airlines KLM and Aeroméxico announced their participation in the testing.[88][89][90][91] Both airlines previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform.
In January 2018, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Business for small business use.[92]
In April 2018, WhatsApp co-founder and CEO Jan Koum announced he would be leaving the company.[93] Facebook later announced that Koum's replacement would be Chris Daniels.[6]
Later in September 2018, WhatsApp introduced group audio and video call features.[94][95] In October, the "Swipe to Reply" option was added to the Android beta version, 16 months after it was introduced for iOS.[96]
In May 2019, WhatsApp was hacked, and attackers installed spyware on an unknown number of people's smartphones.[97] The hack, allegedly developed by Israeli surveillance technology firm NSO Group, injected malware onto WhatsApp users’ phones via a remote-exploit bug in the app's VoIP calling functions. A Wired report noted the attack was able to inject malware via calls to the targeted phone, even if the user didn't answer the call.[98]
The oldest device capable of running WhatsApp was the Symbian-based Nokia N95 released in March 2007. (As of June 2017, WhatsApp is no longer compatible with it.)
In August 2014, WhatsApp released an Android update, adding support for Android Wear smartwatches.[108]
In 2014, an unofficial open source plug-in, whatsapp-purple, was released for Pidgin, implementing its XMPP and making it possible to use WhatsApp on PCs running Microsoft Windows and Linux.[109][third-party source needed] WhatsApp responded by blocking phone numbers that used the plug-in.[citation needed]
On January 21, 2015, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web, a browser-based web client that could be used by syncing with a mobile device's connection.[110]
On February 26, 2016, WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry (including BlackBerry 10), Series 40, and Symbian S60, as well as older versions of Android (2.2), Windows Phone (7.0), and iOS (6), by the end of 2016.[111] BlackBerry, Series 40, and Symbian support was then extended to June 30, 2017.[112] In June 2017, support for BlackBerry and Series 40 was once again extended until the end of 2017, while Symbian was dropped.[113]
Support for BlackBerry and older (version 8.0) Windows Phone and older (version 6) iOS devices was dropped on January 1, 2018, but was extended to December 2018 for Nokia Series 40.[114] In July 2018, it was announced that WhatsApp would soon be available for KaiOS feature phones.[115][116]
As of January 21, 2015, the desktop version was only available to Android, BlackBerry, and Windows Phone users. Later on, it also added support for iOS, Nokia Series 40, and Nokia S60 (Symbian).[117][118]
An unofficial derivative called WhatsAppTime has been developed, which is a standard Win32 application for PCs and supports notifications through the Windows notification area.[119] There are similar solutions for macOS, such as the open-source ChitChat,[120][121][122] and multiple wrappers available in the App Store.[citation needed]
WhatsApp software automatically compares all the phone numbers from the device's address book with its central database of WhatsApp users to automatically add contacts to the user's WhatsApp contact list. Previously the Android and Nokia Series 40 versions used an MD5-hashed, reversed-version of the phone's IMEI as password,[126] while the iOS version used the phone's Wi-Fi MAC address instead of IMEI.[127][128] A 2012 update now generates a random password on the server side.[129]
Some Dual SIM devices may not be compatible with WhatsApp, though there are some workarounds for this.[130]
In February 2015, WhatsApp introduced a voice calling feature; this helped WhatsApp to attract a completely different segment of the user population.[131][132] On November 14, 2016, Whatsapp added video calling feature for users across Android, iPhone, and Windows Phone devices.[133][134]
On November 2017, Whatsapp released a new feature that would let its users delete messages sent by mistake within a time frame of 7 minutes.[135]
Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image, audio or video to be sent to an HTTP server and then sending a link to the content along with its Base64 encoded thumbnail (if applicable).[136]
WhatsApp follows a "store and forward" mechanism for exchanging messages between two users. When a user sends a message, it first travels to the WhatsApp server where it is stored. Then the server repeatedly requests the receiver acknowledge receipt of the message. As soon as the message is acknowledged, the server drops the message; it is no longer available in the database of the server. The WhatsApp server keeps the message only for 30 days in its database when it is not delivered (when the receiver is not active on WhatsApp for 30 days).[137][self-published source?]
Cade Metz, writing in Wired, said, "WhatsApp, more than any company before it, has taken encryption to the masses."[41]
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The client application was created by WhatsApp Inc. of Mountain View, California, which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately US$19.3 billion.[49][50] By February 2018, WhatsApp had over one and a half billion users,[51][52] making it the world's most popular messaging application at the time.[52][53] It has become the primary social communication network in multiple countries, including Brazil, India, and large parts of Europe, including the United Kingdom and France.[52]
Contents
History
2009–2014
WhatsApp was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum, former employees of Yahoo!. After leaving Yahoo! in September 2007, they took some time off in South America.[8] At one point, they applied for jobs at Facebook but were rejected.[8]In January 2009, after purchasing an iPhone and realizing the potential of the app industry on the App Store, Koum and Acton began visiting Koum's friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose to discuss a new type of messaging app that would "[show] statuses next to individual names of the people". They realized that to take the idea further, they'd need an iPhone developer. Fishman visited RentACoder.com, found Russian developer Igor Solomennikov, and introduced him to Koum.
Koum named the app WhatsApp to sound like "what's up". On February 24, 2009, he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California. However, when early versions of WhatsApp kept crashing, Koum considered giving up and looking for a new job. Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months".[54]
In June 2009, Apple launched push notifications, allowing users to be pinged when they were not using an app. Koum changed WhatsApp so that when a user's status is changed, everyone in the user's network would be notified.[8] WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000. Although Acton was managing another startup, he decided to join the company.[8] In October 2009, Acton persuaded five former friends at Yahoo! to invest $250,000 in seed funding, and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake. He officially joined WhatsApp on November 1.[8] After months at beta stage, the application launched in November 2009, exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. Koum then hired a friend in Los Angeles, Chris Peiffer, to develop a BlackBerry version, which arrived two months later.[8]
To cover the primary cost of sending verification texts to users, WhatsApp was changed from a free service to a paid one. In December 2009, the ability to send photos was added to the iPhone version. By early 2011, WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps at Apple's U.S. App Store.[8]
In April 2011, Sequoia Capital invested about $8 million for more than 15% of the company, after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz.[55][56][57]
By February 2013, WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members. Sequoia invested another $50 million, and WhatsApp was valued at $1.5 billion.[8]
In a December 2013 blog post, WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users used the service each month.[58]
Facebook subsidiary (2014–present)
On February 19, 2014, months after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation,[59] Facebook announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US$19 billion, its largest acquisition to date.[50] At the time, it was the largest acquisition of a venture-backed company in history.[49] Sequoia Capital received an approximate 5000% return on its initial investment.[60] Facebook, which was advised by Allen & Co, paid $4 billion in cash, $12 billion in Facebook shares, and (advised by Morgan Stanley) an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp's founders Koum and Acton.[61] Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing.[50] Days after the announcement, WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service, leading to anger across social media.[62]The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to try and/or move to other message services. Telegram claimed that it acquired 8 million new users;[63] and Line, 2 million.[64]
At a keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision.[65][66] A TechCrunch article said this about Zuckerberg's vision:
The idea, he said, is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use – 'a 911 for the internet.' These could be a social networking service like Facebook, a messaging service, maybe search and other things like weather. Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts – users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just don't see the point of why they would pay for those data services. This would give them some context for why they are important, and that will lead them to paying for more services like this – or so the hope goes.[65]Just three days after announcing the Facebook purchase, Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls. He also said that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand, and that their ultimate goal was to be on all smartphones.[67]
In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app, with more than 600 million users.[68] By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly users and over 30 billion messages every day.[69] In April 2015, Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry would lose $386 billion because of OTT services like WhatsApp and Skype.[70] That month, WhatsApp had over 800 million users.[71][72] By September 2015, it had grown to 900 million;[73] and by February 2016, one billion.[74]
In November 30, 2015, the Android WhatsApp client made links to another message service, Telegram, unclickable and uncopyable.[75][76][77] Multiple sources confirmed that it was intentional, not a bug,[77] and that it had been implemented when the Android source code that recognized Telegram URLs had been identified.[77] (The word "telegram" appeared in WhatsApp's code.[77]) Some considered it an anti-competitive measure,[75][76][77] but WhatsApp offered no explanation. In response to the 2014 Facebook acquisition, Slate columnist Matthew Yglesias questioned whether the company's business model of charging users $1 a year was viable in the U.S.. It had prospered by exploiting a "loophole" in mobile phone carriers' pricing. "Mobile phone operators aren't really selling consumers some voice service, some data service, and some SMS service", he explained. "They are selling access to the network. The different pricing schemes they come up with are just different ways of trying to maximize the value they extract from consumers."[78] As part of that, carriers sold SMS separately. This made it easy for WhatsApp to find a way to replicate SMS using data, then sell that service to mobile customers for $1 a year. "But if WhatsApp gets big enough, then carrier strategy is going to change", he predicted. "You stop selling separate SMS plans and just have a take-it-or-leave-it overall package. And then suddenly WhatsApp isn't doing anything."[78] The situation may have been different in countries other than the United States.
Recent (2016–present)
On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp's co-founder Jan Koum announced that it would no longer charge users a $1 annual subscription fee, in an effort to remove a barrier faced by users without credit cards.[79][80] He also said that the app would not display any third-party ads, and that it would have new features such as the ability to communicate with businesses.[74][81]By June 2016, the company's blog reported more than 100 million voice calls per day were being placed on WhatsApp.[82]
On November 10, 2016, WhatsApp launched a beta version of two-step verification for Android users, which allowed them to use their email addresses for further protection.[83] Also in November 2016, Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe.[84]
On February 24, 2017, (WhatsApp's 8th birthday), WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to Snapchat and Facebook stories.[85]
On May 18, 2017, it was reported that the European Commission would fine Facebook €110 million for "misleading" it during the 2014 takeover of WhatsApp. The Commission alleged that in 2014, when Facebook acquired the messaging app, it "falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp." However, in the summer of 2016, WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company, allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements. Facebook acknowledged the breach, but said the errors in their 2014 filings were "not intentional."[84]
In September 2017, WhatsApp's co-founder Brian Acton left the company to start a nonprofit group,[86] later revealed as the Signal Foundation.[87] WhatsApp also announced a forthcoming business platform to enable companies to provide customer service at scale,[39] and airlines KLM and Aeroméxico announced their participation in the testing.[88][89][90][91] Both airlines previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform.
In January 2018, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Business for small business use.[92]
In April 2018, WhatsApp co-founder and CEO Jan Koum announced he would be leaving the company.[93] Facebook later announced that Koum's replacement would be Chris Daniels.[6]
Later in September 2018, WhatsApp introduced group audio and video call features.[94][95] In October, the "Swipe to Reply" option was added to the Android beta version, 16 months after it was introduced for iOS.[96]
In May 2019, WhatsApp was hacked, and attackers installed spyware on an unknown number of people's smartphones.[97] The hack, allegedly developed by Israeli surveillance technology firm NSO Group, injected malware onto WhatsApp users’ phones via a remote-exploit bug in the app's VoIP calling functions. A Wired report noted the attack was able to inject malware via calls to the targeted phone, even if the user didn't answer the call.[98]
SMB and Enterprise platforms
Until 2017, WhatsApp was for individual use between two smartphones. This enabled businesses to communicate with customers,[99] but not at scale (e.g. in a contact center environment). In September 2017 WhatsApp confirmed rumors[100][101] that they were building and testing two new tools for businesses:[91]- A free WhatsApp Business app for small companies[102]
- An Enterprise Solution for bigger companies with global customer bases, such as airlines, e-commerce retailers and banks, who would be able to offer customer service and conversational commerce (e-commerce) via WhatsApp chat, using live agents or chatbots. (As far back as 2015, companies like Meteordesk[103] had provided unofficial solutions for enterprises to attend to large numbers of users, but these were shut down by WhatsApp.)
Platform support
After months at beta stage, the official first release of WhatsApp launched in November 2009, exclusively at the App Store for iPhone. In January 2010, support for BlackBerry smartphones was added; and subsequently for Symbian OS in May 2010, and for Android OS in August 2010. In August 2011, a beta for Nokia's non-smartphone OS Series 40 was added. A month later, support for Windows Phone was added, followed by BlackBerry 10 in March 2013.[104] In April 2015, support for Samsung's Tizen OS was added.[105] Unofficial ports, Wazapp and Yappari, have also been released for the MeeGo-based Nokia N9[106] and the Maemo-based Nokia N900, respectively.[107]The oldest device capable of running WhatsApp was the Symbian-based Nokia N95 released in March 2007. (As of June 2017, WhatsApp is no longer compatible with it.)
In August 2014, WhatsApp released an Android update, adding support for Android Wear smartwatches.[108]
In 2014, an unofficial open source plug-in, whatsapp-purple, was released for Pidgin, implementing its XMPP and making it possible to use WhatsApp on PCs running Microsoft Windows and Linux.[109][third-party source needed] WhatsApp responded by blocking phone numbers that used the plug-in.[citation needed]
On January 21, 2015, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web, a browser-based web client that could be used by syncing with a mobile device's connection.[110]
On February 26, 2016, WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry (including BlackBerry 10), Series 40, and Symbian S60, as well as older versions of Android (2.2), Windows Phone (7.0), and iOS (6), by the end of 2016.[111] BlackBerry, Series 40, and Symbian support was then extended to June 30, 2017.[112] In June 2017, support for BlackBerry and Series 40 was once again extended until the end of 2017, while Symbian was dropped.[113]
Support for BlackBerry and older (version 8.0) Windows Phone and older (version 6) iOS devices was dropped on January 1, 2018, but was extended to December 2018 for Nokia Series 40.[114] In July 2018, it was announced that WhatsApp would soon be available for KaiOS feature phones.[115][116]
WhatsApp Web
WhatsApp was officially made available for PCs through a web client, under the name WhatsApp Web, in late January 2015 through an announcement made by Koum on his Facebook page: "Our web client is simply an extension of your phone: the web browser mirrors conversations and messages from your mobile device—this means all of your messages still live on your phone". The WhatsApp user's handset must still be connected to the Internet for the browser application to function. All major desktop browsers are supported except for Internet Explorer. WhatsApp Web's user interface is based on the default Android one.[citation needed]As of January 21, 2015, the desktop version was only available to Android, BlackBerry, and Windows Phone users. Later on, it also added support for iOS, Nokia Series 40, and Nokia S60 (Symbian).[117][118]
An unofficial derivative called WhatsAppTime has been developed, which is a standard Win32 application for PCs and supports notifications through the Windows notification area.[119] There are similar solutions for macOS, such as the open-source ChitChat,[120][121][122] and multiple wrappers available in the App Store.[citation needed]
Microsoft Windows and Mac
On May 10, 2016, the messaging service was introduced for both Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems. WhatsApp currently does not allow audio or video calling from desktop operating systems. Similar to the WhatsApp Web format, the app, which will be synced with a user's mobile device, is available for download on the website. It supports OS versions of Windows 8 and OS X 10.9 and higher.[123][124]Technical
WhatsApp uses a customized version of the open standard Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP).[125] Upon installation, it creates a user account using one's phone number as the username (Jabber ID:[phone number]@s.whatsapp.net).
WhatsApp software automatically compares all the phone numbers from the device's address book with its central database of WhatsApp users to automatically add contacts to the user's WhatsApp contact list. Previously the Android and Nokia Series 40 versions used an MD5-hashed, reversed-version of the phone's IMEI as password,[126] while the iOS version used the phone's Wi-Fi MAC address instead of IMEI.[127][128] A 2012 update now generates a random password on the server side.[129]
Some Dual SIM devices may not be compatible with WhatsApp, though there are some workarounds for this.[130]
In February 2015, WhatsApp introduced a voice calling feature; this helped WhatsApp to attract a completely different segment of the user population.[131][132] On November 14, 2016, Whatsapp added video calling feature for users across Android, iPhone, and Windows Phone devices.[133][134]
On November 2017, Whatsapp released a new feature that would let its users delete messages sent by mistake within a time frame of 7 minutes.[135]
Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image, audio or video to be sent to an HTTP server and then sending a link to the content along with its Base64 encoded thumbnail (if applicable).[136]
WhatsApp follows a "store and forward" mechanism for exchanging messages between two users. When a user sends a message, it first travels to the WhatsApp server where it is stored. Then the server repeatedly requests the receiver acknowledge receipt of the message. As soon as the message is acknowledged, the server drops the message; it is no longer available in the database of the server. The WhatsApp server keeps the message only for 30 days in its database when it is not delivered (when the receiver is not active on WhatsApp for 30 days).[137][self-published source?]
End-to-end encryption
On November 18, 2014, Open Whisper Systems announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide end-to-end encryption by incorporating the encryption protocol used in Signal into each WhatsApp client platform.[138] Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android, and that support for other clients, group/media messages, and key verification would be coming soon after.[139] WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters, but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website, and further requests for comment were declined.[140] In April 2015, German magazine Heise Security used ARP spoofing to confirm that the protocol had been implemented for Android-to-Android messages, and that WhatsApp messages from or to iPhones running iOS were still not end-to-end encrypted.[141] They expressed the concern that regular WhatsApp users still could not tell the difference between end-to-end encrypted messages and regular messages.[141] On April 5, 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end-to-end encryption to "every form of communication" on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other's keys.[35][142] Users were also given the option to enable a trust on first use mechanism in order to be notified if a correspondent's key changes.[143] According to a white paper that was released along with the announcement, WhatsApp messages are encrypted with the Signal Protocol.[144] WhatsApp calls are encrypted with SRTP, and all client-server communications are "layered within a separate encrypted channel".[144] The Signal Protocol library used by WhatsApp is open-source and published under the GPLv3 license.[144][145]Cade Metz, writing in Wired, said, "WhatsApp, more than any company before it, has taken encryption to the masses."[41]
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